Diferenças entre edições de "Charles Ponzi"
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==O esquema de Ponzi== | ==O esquema de Ponzi== | ||
| − | {{main|Ponzi scheme}} | + | {{main|Ponzi scheme}}Quando Ponzi foi libertado, regressou finalmente a Boston. Lá conheceu uma italiana, Rose Gneco, que vê a sua vida virada do avesso pelo charme de Ponzi. Apesar de Ponzi não lhe ter dito sobre os seus anos na prisão, a sua mãe escreveu uma carta a Gnecco contando-lhe o passado de Ponzi, mas ela permaneceu com ele e casaram-se em 1918. Nos meses seguintes trabalhou numa série de negócios antes de ter tido a ideia de vender publicidade numa grande lista de negócios que seria enviada a várias empresas, uma ideia que outros, independentemente, inventariam mais tarde: as páginas amarelas. Infelizmente, Ponzi foi incapaz de vender esta ideia às empresas e a seu negócio fracasssou pouco depois. |
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A few weeks later Ponzi received a letter in the mail from a company in Spain asking about the catalog. Inside the envelope was an [[international reply coupon|international postal reply coupon]] (IRC), something which he had never seen before. He asked about it and found a weakness in the system which would in principle allow him to make money. | A few weeks later Ponzi received a letter in the mail from a company in Spain asking about the catalog. Inside the envelope was an [[international reply coupon|international postal reply coupon]] (IRC), something which he had never seen before. He asked about it and found a weakness in the system which would in principle allow him to make money. | ||
Revisão das 17h28min de 2 de novembro de 2007
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Charles Ponzi (também conhecido por Carlo Ponzi, Charles Ponei, Charles P. Bianchi e Carl, 3 de Março de 1882 –18 de Janeiro de 1949) foi um italiano que emigrou para os Estados Unidos em 1903, onde se tornou um dos maiores trapaceiros da história dos EUA. A fraude por ele inventada, o "Esquema de ponzi", continua a ser aplicada em versões repaginadas, como, por exemplo, o People in Profit System.
Depois de ser deportado para a Itália, Ponzi emigrou novamente para o Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, onde terminou os seus dias na miséria.
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| Foto de Charles Ponzi tirada em 1920. | |
| Nascimento | 3 de Março de 1882 Lugo, Itália |
|---|---|
| Falecimento | 18 de Janeiro de 1949 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Ocupação | Homem de negócios |
| Condenação | Mail fraud |
| Sentença | 5 years (federal, served 3 and half years before facing state charge) and 9 years (state) |
| Cônjuge | Rose Gnecco |
Charles Ponzi (* 3 de Março de 1882, † 18 de Janeiro de 1949) foi um italiano que imigrou para os Estados Unidos e que se tornou um dos maiores vigaristas da história americana. Adoptou também os nomes Charles Ponei, Charles P. Bianchi, Carl e Carlo. Apesar de muitas pessoas nunca terem ouvido falar do próprio Ponzi, o termo "esquema de Ponzi" é uma descripção amplamente conhecida de um sistema fraudulento de enriquecimento rápido promovido na internet e fora desta até aos dias de hoje.
Índice
Os primeiros anos
Algumas partes da vida de Charles Ponzi são um pouco difíceis de determinar, devido à sua propensão para fabricar e adornar os factos. Charles Ponzi nasceu em Lugo, Itália em 1882 (e não em Parma como alguns reportam, se bem tenha residido lá enquanto adolescente). Começou por ter um emprego nos correios, mas depressa foi aceite na Universidade de Roma, La Sapienza. Os seus amigos consideravam a universidade como umas "férias de quatro anos" e pendia a segui-los aos bares, cafés e à ópera. A dada altura, curto de fundos, Ponzi abandonou a universidade e embarcou no S.S. Vancouver com destino a Boston, Massachusetts, EUA.
Chegada aos Estados Unidos
Segundo o próprio, Ponzi chegou aos Estados Unidos em 1903 com dois dólares e cinquenta céntimos no bolso tendo perdido o resto das suas poupanças ao jogo durante a viagem. Depressa aprendeu inglês e passou os anos seguintes a fazer os mais variados trabalhos ao longo da Costa Este, acabando a lavar loiça num restaurante, onde dormia no chão. Conseguiu ascender a empregado de mesa, mas foi despedido por não devolver todo o troco aos clientes e por roubo.
Em 1907 Ponzi mudou-se para Montreal, Canada, onde se tornou um assistente de caixa no recém-criado Banco Zarossi, um banco criado por Luigi "Louis" Zarossi para servir os imigrantes italianos que afluíam à cidade. Zarossi pagava 6% de juro, o dobro da taxa vigente para os depósitos a praso, e crescia rapidamente em consequência de tal. Ponzi descobriu que o banco estava com sérios problemas financeiros, devido a maus empréstimos no imobiliário, e que Zarossi estava a pagar os juros não a partir de lucros ou investimentos, mas a patrir do dinheiro depositado em novas contas. O banco acabou por ficar insolvente e Zarossi fugiu para o México com uma larga porção do dinheiro do banco.
Ponzi permaneceu em Montreal e, durante algum tempo, viveu na casa de Zarossi ajudando a família que este abandonara enquanto planeava voltar aos Estados Unidos par recomeçar de novo a vida. Como Ponzi não tinha nem um tostão, tal revelou-se bastante difícil. Finalmente entrou nos escritórios de um antigo cliente de Zarossi e, não encontrando ninguém lá, passou um cheque a si próprio no valor de 423.58 dólares num livro de cheques que encontrou, falsificando a assinatura do director da companhia. Confrontado pela polícia que tinha tomado conhecimento dos seus grandes gastos logo após o cheque ter sido levantado, Ponzi mostrou as palmas das mãos e disse "sou culpado". Foi parar a uma prisão do Quebec, onde ficou recluso três anos com o nº 6660. Ao invés de informar a sua mãe deste desenvolvimento, escreveu-lhe uma carta a dizer que tinha encontrado um emprego como "assistente especial" de um director de uma instituição penal.
Após a sua libertação em 1911, decidiu retornar aos Estados Unidos, mas envolveu-se num esquema para traficar imigrantes italianos ilegais através da fronteira. Foi apanhado e passou dois anos numa prisão em Atlanta. Lá tornou-se um tradutor do director da prisão, que estava a interceptar as cartas de um famoso gangster, o Ignazio Lupo também conhecido por Ignazio "the Wolf". Ponzi acabou por se tornar amigo de Lupo, mas foi um outro prisioneiro que se tornou um verdadeiro modelo para Ponzi: Charles Morse que convenceu os médicos de que estava a morrer comendo lascas de sabão, tendo sido libertado mais cedo.
O esquema de Ponzi
Predefinição:MainQuando Ponzi foi libertado, regressou finalmente a Boston. Lá conheceu uma italiana, Rose Gneco, que vê a sua vida virada do avesso pelo charme de Ponzi. Apesar de Ponzi não lhe ter dito sobre os seus anos na prisão, a sua mãe escreveu uma carta a Gnecco contando-lhe o passado de Ponzi, mas ela permaneceu com ele e casaram-se em 1918. Nos meses seguintes trabalhou numa série de negócios antes de ter tido a ideia de vender publicidade numa grande lista de negócios que seria enviada a várias empresas, uma ideia que outros, independentemente, inventariam mais tarde: as páginas amarelas. Infelizmente, Ponzi foi incapaz de vender esta ideia às empresas e a seu negócio fracasssou pouco depois.
A few weeks later Ponzi received a letter in the mail from a company in Spain asking about the catalog. Inside the envelope was an international postal reply coupon (IRC), something which he had never seen before. He asked about it and found a weakness in the system which would in principle allow him to make money.
The purpose of the postal reply coupon was to allow someone in one country to send it to a correspondent in another country, who could use it to pay the postage of a reply. For use within the same country, postage stamps would be sent; but stamps issued by one country cannot be used in another. IRCs were priced at the cost of postage in the country of purchase, but could be exchanged for stamps to cover the cost of postage in the country where redeemed; if these values were different, there was a potential profit. Inflation after the First World War had much decreased the cost of postage in Italy expressed in U.S. dollars, so that an IRC could be bought cheaply in Italy and exchanged for U.S. stamps to a higher value. The process was: send money abroad; have IRCs purchased by agents; send the IRCs to the U.S.A.; redeem the IRCs for stamps to a higher value; sell the stamps. Ponzi claimed that the net profit on these transactions, after expenses and exchange rates, was in excess of 400%. This was a form of arbitrage, or buying low and selling high, which is not illegal.
Ponzi canvassed friends and associates to back his scheme, offering a 50% return on investment in 45 days. The great returns available from postal reply coupons, he explained to them, made such incredible profits easy. He started his own company, the Securities Exchange Company, to promote the scheme.
Some people invested, and were and paid off as promised. The word spread, and investment came in at an ever-increasing rate. Ponzi hired agents and paid them generous commissions for every dollar they brought in. By February 1920, Ponzi's total take was $5,000 USD, a large sum for the time.
By March he had made $30,000. A frenzy was building, and Ponzi began to hire agents to take in money from all over New England and New Jersey. At that time investors were being paid impressive rates, encouraging yet others to invest.
By May 1920 he had made $420,000. He began depositing the money in the Hanover Trust Bank, in hopes that once his account was large enough he could impose his will on the bank or even be made its president; he did, in fact, get a controlling interest in the bank.
By July 1920 he had made millions. People were mortgaging their homes and investing their life savings. Most did not take their profits, but reinvested.
Ponzi was bringing in cash at a fantastic rate, but the simplest financial analysis would have shown that he the operation was running at a large loss. As long as money kept flowing in, Existing investors could be paid with the new money, but colossal liabilities were accumulating.
Ponzi lived luxuriously: he bought a mansion with air conditioning and a heated swimming pool, and brought his mother from Italy in a first-class stateroom on an ocean liner. He was a hero among the Italian community, and was cheered wherever he went.
Suspeição
There were signs of Ponzi's eventual ruin: a furniture dealer who had given Ponzi furniture when he could not afford to pay, sued Ponzi to cash in on the gold rush. The lawsuit was unsuccessful, but it did start people asking how Ponzi could have gone from being penniless to being a millionaire in so short a time. There was a run on the Securities Exchange Company as some investors decided to pull out.
Ponzi paid them cheerfully and the run stopped. In fact, on July 24 1920, the Boston Post printed a positive article on Ponzi and his scheme that brought in investors faster than ever. At that time, Ponzi was making $250,000 a day.
Despite this reprieve one of the editors of the Post was suspicious and assigned investigative reporters to check Ponzi out. He was also under investigation by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and on the day the results the Post' printed its article Ponzi met with state officials. He managed to divert the officials from checking his books by offering to stop taking money during the investigation; a fortunate choice, as proper records were not being kept. Ponzi's offer temporarily calmed the suspicions of the state officials.
Colapso
By this time Ponzi was seeking another deal to get him out of the golden trap he had buildt for himself, but time was running out. On July 26 the Post started a series of articles that asked hard questions about the operation of Ponzi's money machine. The Post contacted Clarence Barron, the financial analyst who published the Barron's financial paper, to examine Ponzi's scheme. Barron observed that though Ponzi was offering fantastic returns on investments, Ponzi himself wasn't investing with his own company.
Barron then noted that to cover the investments made with the Securities Exchange Company, 160,000,000 postal reply coupons would have to be in circulation. However, only about 27,000 coupons were actually circulating. The United States Postal Service stated that postal reply coupons were not being bought in quantity at home or abroad. The gross profit margin in percent on buying and selling each IRC was colossal, but the overhead required to handle the purchase and redemption of these items, which were of extremely low cost and were sold individually, would have exceeded the gross profit.
The stories caused a panic run on the Securities Exchange Company. Ponzi paid out $2 million in three days to a wild crowd outside his office. He canvassed the crowd, passed out coffee and donuts, and cheerfully told them they had nothing to worry about. Many changed their minds and left their money with him.
There was something clueless in Ponzi's cleverness. He had set a scheme in motion that was sure to collapse sooner or later. He was pulling in a pile of cash, but only at the expense of going into even greater debt. At some point the logical move, from a criminal viewpoint, would have been to relocate to a place outside the reach of American authorities. Instead, he stayed where he was and continued to pay out. Ponzi wanted to look as honest as possible, and according to his autobiography, he was always hoping he could use the fortune he was accumulating to start a legitimate business that would make enough money to pay back all his investors and make everyone rich. Among the ideas he floated was buying a $300 million American warship and turning it into a floating shopping mall, promoting patriotism and commerce by stocking it with American goods. However, like most of Ponzi's business plans this was wild and absolutely impossible; if he ever had $300 million to spend from his out-of-control scheme, he would be that much in debt ($3 billion in 2006 dollars) before he sold a single thing from his ship.
In the short term, Ponzi had hired a publicity agent, James McMasters. However, McMasters quickly became suspicious of Ponzi's endless talk of postal reply coupons, as well as the ongoing investigation against him. He went to the Post, calling Ponzi a "financial idiot." The paper offered him five thousand dollars for his story, and ran a headline on August 2 declaring Ponzi hopelessly insolvent. On August 10 federal agents raided the Securities Exchange Company and shut it down. There was no large stock of postal reply coupons. The Hanover Trust Bank was shut down as well.
The Post continued their articles, with one revealing Ponzi's jail record and publishing his (smiling) Canadian mugshots. By August 13, Ponzi was under arrest, with a Federal indictment citing 86 counts of fraud. Ponzi's supporters were outraged at the officers who arrested him. 17,000 people had invested millions, maybe tens of millions, with Ponzi. Many who were ruined were so blinded by their faith in the man or their refusal to admit their foolishness that they still regarded him as a hero.
Prisão e últimos anos
On November 1 1920, Ponzi pleaded guilty to mail fraud, and was sentenced to five years in federal prison. He was released after three and a half years to face state charges. He was again found guilty and sentenced to nine years. Before entering state prison, Ponzi jumped bail and fled to Florida, where he set up a scam to sell "prime Florida property" to gullible investors. Florida authorities quickly wised to Ponzi's scam. He fled to Texas, where he shaved his head, grew a mustache, and tried to flee the country as a crewman on a merchant ship. He was caught and sent back to Massachusetts to serve out his prison term.
In the meantime, government investigators tried to trace Ponzi's convoluted accounts to figure out how much money he had taken and where it had gone. They never did manage to untangle it, and could only conclude that millions had gone through his hands.
Ponzi was released in 1934 and was immediately deported to Italy since he never had become an American citizen. His flashy confidence had faded by that time, and when he left the prison gates he was met by an angry crowd. He told reporters before he left: "I went looking for trouble, and I found it." Rose stayed behind and later divorced him, as she did not want to leave Boston for his sake. However, they continued to exchange hopeful love letters up until Ponzi's death.
In Italy, Ponzi jumped from scheme to scheme but little came of them. He eventually got a cozy job in Brazil as an agent for Ala Littoria, the Italian state airline. However, during World War II, the Brazilians, who had sided with the Allies, realized the Italians were using the airline to ship strategic materials and shut it down.
Ponzi spent the last years of his life in poverty. He had a stroke in 1948, and died in a charity hospital in Rio de Janeiro on January 18 1949. His life had been characterized by one great moment of glory surrounded by outlandish, wild ventures which inevitably lost him money. In the charity hospital, Ponzi granted one last interview to an American reporter, and commented about the wild ride he had given Bostonians: "Even if they never got anything for it, it was cheap at that price. Without malice aforethought I had given them the best show that was ever staged in their territory since the landing of the Pilgrims! It was easily worth fifteen million bucks to watch me put the thing over!"
Referências
- Zuckoff, Mitchell. Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend. Random House: New York, 2005. (ISBN 1-4000-6039-7)
- The History Channel. "In Search of History: Mr. Ponzi and His Scheme". February 9, 2000. (AAE-42325, ASIN 0767016726)Predefinição:Confidence Tricks
Referências
- ZUCKOFF, Mitchell. Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend. Random House: New York, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-6039-7
